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Table of Contents:
1: Introduction
2: The problem
2.1: Climate change
2.2: Peak oil
- what is peak oil?
- peak oil ‘deniers’
- not on the agenda of the financial world
- peak oil ‘believers’
2.3: Peak oil and climate change together
3: The pressure for a solution
- Best corporate practice
- Automotive industry opportunities
- Technology solutions
- Growing pressure to act
4: The competitive issue
4.1: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
- What do other people think? – CSR Ratings
- FTSE4Good
- Accountability Rating
- Sustainable Asset Management (SAM)
- Oekom Research
- Vigeo
- PSI Sector reports
4.2: Greenhouse gas (GHG) targets
4.3: Product
- Sales mix
4.4: Future product technologies
- Alternative fuels
4.5: Lifecycle analysis
- What percentage of greenhouse emissions come from manufacturing?
- Vehicle disposal
4.6: Manufacturers and buildings
- Natural gas
- CHP
- Heat recovery
- Biomass
- Wind
- Solar
- Geothermal
- Other
- Green buildings
- Waste management
4.7: Logistics
4.8: Supply chain
4.9: Distribution / dealerships
4.10: Customer interface
- Brands
- Advertising
- The future
5: The Ranking
- Overall
- Toyota ranks top
- Honda scores well, but lacks transparency
- BMW, GM and Volkswagen rank middle of the table
- Renault 9th, ahead of Daimler
- Hyundai and Fiat are bottom of the pile
- CSR/Climate change strategy
- GHG targets
- Product
- Business areas
6.0: Vehicle manufacturer profiles, SWOT analyses and green audits
6.1: Toyota Motor Company
6.1.1: Summary and recent developments
6.1.2: CSR/climate change strategies
- Climate change strategy
- Recycling-oriented society
- Greenhouse gas targets
- Management structures and reporting on environmental issues
- CSR/Sustainability activities and indices
6.1.3: Product
6.1.4: Future technology strategies
- Conventional engines
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Plug-in hybrids
- Fuel cells
6.1.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Recycling
- Use of recycled / renewable materials
6.1.6: Manufacturing
- Energy efficiency
- Use of renewable energy
- Environmental management systems
- Zero landfill
- Green buildings
6.1.7: Logistics
6.1.8: Supply chain
6.1.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.1.10: Consumer influence
6.2: Ford Motor Company
6.2.1: Summary and recent developments
6.2.2: CSR/climate change strategies
- Strategy
- Blueprint for sustainability
- Climate change task force
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- Greenhouse gas emissions
- Greenhouse gas targets
- CSR activities / engagement with outside agencies
6.2.3: Product
6.2.4: Future technology strategies
- Conventional engine technologies
- Transmissions
- Weight reduction
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Plug-in hybrids
- Hydrogen
6.2.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Recycling
- Using recycled materials
6.2.6: Manufacturing
- Renewable energy
- Fumes-to-fuel
- Geothermal energy
- Waste management
- Environmental management
6.2.7: Logistics
6.2.8: Supply chain
6.2.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.2.10: Customer interface
- Eco-driving
- Carbon offsetting
- Branding
6.3: PSA Peugeot Citroën
6.3.1: Summary and recent developments
6.3.2: CSR/climate change strategies
- PSA downplays the contribution of cars to climate change
- Carbon neutral manufacturing?
- Greenhouse gas targets
- Low CO2 car targets not very aggressive
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- CSR/Sustainability activities and indices
- Partnerships
6.3.3: Product
- Segmentation / sales figures
6.3.4: Future technology strategies
- Diesels
- Gasoline
- Automated gearboxes
- CNG
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Fuel cells
6.3.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
6.3.6: Manufacturing
- Energy efficiency
- Energy descent target
- Heat recovery
- Energy costs
6.3.7: Logistics
6.3.8: Suppliers
6.3.9: Consumer influence
- Branding
- Image / awards
6.4: Honda
6.4.1: Summary and recent developments
6.4.2: CSR / Climate change strategies
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- Greenhouse gas targets
- Products
6.4.3: Future technology strategies
- Gasoline engines
- Diesel engines
- Transmissions
- Hybrids
- Electric
- Natural gas
- Biofuels
- Fuel cells
- Solar power
6.4.4: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Recycling
- Using recycled materials
6.4.5: Manufacturing
- Energy use
- Waste management
6.4.6: Logistics
6.4.7: Supply chain
6.4.8: Distribution / dealerships
6.4.9: Customer influence
- Car sharing
- Eco-driving
- Awards
6.5: Nissan
6.5.1: Summary and recent developments
6.5.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Ghosn welcomes ‘greening’ of consumer demand
- Management structure and reporting on climate change
- CO2 emissions targets
6.5.3 Product
6.5.4 Future technology strategies
- Diesels
- Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
- Natural gas
- Hybrids
- Biofuels
- Fuel cells
- Electric vehicles
6.5.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Recycling
6.5.6: Manufacturing
- Environmental management
- Energy use
- Waste management
6.5.7: Logistics
- Modal shift
6.5.8: Supply chain
6.5.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.6: BMW
6.6.1: Summary and recent developments
6.6.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- Strategy
- CO2 targets
- CSR/sustainability rating indices
- Commitments/partnerships
- Negative press
6.6.3: Products
6.6.4: Future technology strategies
- Efficient dynamics
- Dieselisation
- Hybrids
- Electric
- Thermo-electric generation
- Hydrogen
6.6.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Use of raw materials
- Recycling
6.6.6: Manufacturing
- Energy use
- Renewable energy use
6.6.7: Logistics
6.6.8: Supply chain
6.6.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.6.10: Customer interface
- Eco-driving
- Awards
- Brands
6.7: GM
6.7.1: Summary and recent developments
6.7.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Strategy
- Climate strategy
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- Reporting
- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
- CSR/sustainability indices and partnerships
6.7.3: Products
6.7.4: Future technology strategies
- Conventional engines
- Diesels
- Thermo-electrics
- CNG and LPG
- Biofuels
- Second generation biofuels
- Hybrids
- Electric/plug-in hybrids
- New engineering organisation
- Fuel cells
6.7.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Recycling
- Using recycled materials
6.7.6: Manufacturing
- Energy efficiency
- Energy efficient buildings
- Renewable energy use
- Waste management
- Green buildings
6.7.7: Logistics
6.7.8: Supply chain
6.7.9: Consumer influence
6.8: VW
6.8.1: Summary and recent developments
6.8.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Lack of environment-related reporting
- Lack of reporting due to lack of good news
- Greenhouse gas reduction goals
- High level commitments
- CSR / sustainable activities and indices
- Other activities
6.8.3: Products
6.8.4: Future technology strategies
- Hybrids
- Biofuels
- Electric
- Fuel cells
6.8.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- End-of-life vehicle recycling
- Material use
6.8.6: Manufacturing
- Energy sources
- Seat invests in solar
- Energy use
6.8.7: Logistics
6.8.8: Supply chain
6.8.9: Consumer influence
- Eco-driving
- Eco-brands
- Offset programme
- Consumer awards
6.9: Renault
6.9.1: Summary and recent developments
6.9.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Strategy
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- CSR / sustainability rating indices
- Commitments / partnerships
6.9.3: Products
6.9.4: Future technologies
- Optimising conventional engines
- CNG
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Electric vehicles
- Fuel cells
6.9.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- End-of-life recycling
- Using recycled materials
6.9.6: Manufacturing
- Energy use
- Cogeneration
- Waste management
- Water treatment
6.9.7: Logistics
6.9.8: Supply chain
6.9.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.9.10: Consumer influence
6.10: Daimler
6.10.1: Summary and recent developments
6.10.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- Strategy
- Future goals
- CSR / sustainability rating indices
- Partnerships / commitments
6.10.3: Products
6.10.4: Future technology strategies
- IC engines with gasoline and diesel
- Natural gas
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Fuel cells
6.10.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
- Using recycled materials
- Recycling
6.10.6: Manufacturing
- Energy use and efficiency
- Employee training
6.10.7: Logistics
6.10.8: Supply chain
6.10.9: Distribution / dealerships
6.10.10: Customer interface
- Eco-driving
- Brands
6.11: Hyundai-Kia
6.11.1: Summary and recent developments
6.11.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Management structures
- Reporting on climate change
- CSR
- Products
6.11.3: Product: future technology strategies
- Conventional engines
- Natural gas
- Biofuels
- Hybrid vehicles
- Fuel cells
6.11.4: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
6.11.5: Manufacturing
6.11.6: Supply chain
6.12: Fiat
6.12.1: Summary and recent developments
6.12.2: CSR / climate change strategies
- Management structures and reporting on climate change
- CSR ratings
6.12.3: Products
6.12.4: Future technology strategies
- Gasoline and diesel engines
- Natural gas
- Biofuels
- Hybrids
- Fuel cells and hydrogen
6.12.5: Closing the loop – lifecycle analysis
6.12.6: Manufacturing
- Environmental management
- Energy efficiency
- Waste management
6.12.7: Supply chain
6.12.8: Customer interface
- Public transport
- EcoDrive
Bibliography
List of figures:
Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, by source
Figure 2: CO2 emission sources in the EU-15 nations (2004)
Figure 3: Annual greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2000)
Figure 4: Company PSI rankings
Figure 5: Toyota: Toward the ultimate eco-car
Figure 6: Toyota: New engine technologies
Figure 7: Toyota: Technologies incorporated into new engine series
Figure 8: Toyota: Well-to-wheel CO2 output
Figure 9: Overall (well-to-wheel) efficiency of the Toyota FCHV
Figure 10: Toyota: Comparison of CO2 emissions during vehicle life cycle
Figure 11: Estimate of Ford’s climate change emissions
Figure 12: PSA’s European sales mix by segment, 2006
Figure 13: Relationship between fuel consumption and cost of vehicle technologies
Figure 14: Consumption of energy during manufacture of PSA vehicles
Figure 15: Honda: Organization for worldwide environmental activities
Figure 16: Nissan’s long-term goal for reducing CO2
Figure 17: Nissan’s roadmap for reducing the CO2 from its vehicles
Figure 18: Nissan’s global environment management organization
Figure 19: CO2 emissions of Nissan’s major global production sites (1,000t-CO2)
Figure 20: Major steps taken by Nissan to improve vehicle fuel economy
Figure 21: Nissan’s overview of recycling performance (Apr 2006 – Mar 2007)
Figure 22: Nissan’s waste disposal (directly to landfill)
Figure 23: Nissan’s in-house incineration volume
Figure 24: Nissan’s CO2 emissions from logistics (1,000t CO2)
Figure 25: BMW’s CO2 emissions per unit produced
Figure 26: BMW’s European sales mix by segment, 2006
Figure 27: The BMW EfficientDynamics measures – an overview
Figure 28: Roadmap of the BMW Group for sustainable mobility
Figure 29: BMW’s waste per unit produced
Figure 30: GM’s Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy
Figure 31: GMNA Renewable Energy Portfolio
Figure 32: VW’s European sales mix by segment, 2006
Figure 33: Renault’s European sales mix by segment, 2006
Figure 34: Renault’s recycled plastics, by model
Figure 35: Changes in the weight of packaging per vehicle (1996 – 2006)
Figure 36: Drive technologies from Daimler
Figure 37: The DaimlerChrysler fuel road map
Figure 38: Material composition of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class
Figure 39: Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from production
Figure 40: Hyundai’s environmental management strategy
Figure 41: Fiat’s European sales mix by segment, 2006
List of tables:
Table 1: Comparison of environmental/sustainability reports and responses to Carbon Disclosure Project
Table 2: Management structures: Board level representation?
Table 3: Vehicle manufacturer attitudes in a nutshell
Table 4: CSR/Sustainability Rankings
Table 5: Vehicle manufacturer greenhouse gas emissions (CO2eq) 2005 and 2006, actual and per vehicle
Table 6: Sales-weighted average CO2 emissions (g/km)
Table 7: Western Europe: Top Ten Brands volume-weighted average CO2 emissions, g/km, 2007
Table 8: UK fleet average CO2 by brand, 2007 compared to 2006
Table 9: US: Fleet average CO2 emissions by vehicle manufacturer, MY 2005
Table 10: Vehicle manufacturers downsizing in Europe
Table 11: Percent range of MPG improvement estimates per improved automobile technology
Table 12: Comparison of vehicle manufacturers’ activities in the main technology areas
Table 13: Vehicle manufacturer life cycle analysis and notable achievements
Table 14: How the manufacturers compare on what they say about recycling
Table 15: Investing in renewables – who’s using what
Table 16: Which vehicle manufacturers report CO2 emissions from logistics operations?
Table 17: Vehicle manufacturers’ green supplier programmes
Table 18: Vehicle manufacturers’ green dealer programmes
Table 19: Vehicle manufacturers’ ‘green’ badges
Table 20: The Ranking: Vehicle manufacturers in the race for environmental success
Table 21: Detailed chart of vehicle manufacturers and their scores
Table 22: SWOT of Toyota in the race for environmental success
Table 23: 2010 CO2 reduction goals: Toyota Motor Company
Table 24: SWOT of Ford in the race for environmental success
Table 25: Life cycle CO2 impact for typical vehicles: Ford Motor Company
Table 26: PSA greenhouse gas emissions, 1995 and 2002 – 2006
Table 27: PSA CO2 emissions (per vehicle) 1995 – 2006
Table 28: Most fuel efficient diesel/gasoline vehicles on sale in France, 2006
Table 29: SWOT of Honda in the race for environmental success
Table 30: Honda’s environment statement
Table 31: SWOT of Nissan in the race for environmental success
Table 32: SWOT of BMW in the race for environmental success
Table 33: SWOT of GM in the race for environmental success
Table 34: GM’s Environmental Principles
Table 35: Greening of the Supply Chain Project in China
Table 36: SWOT of VW in the race for environmental success
Table 37: SWOT of Renault in the race for environmental success
Table 38: SWOT of Daimler in the race for environmental success
Table 39: The environmental protection guidelines of the DaimlerChrysler Group
Table 40: SWOT of Hyundai-Kia in the race for environmental success
Table 41: Hyundai’s global environmental policy
Table 42: SWOT of Fiat in the race for environmental success
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